The Son of Man is available again on Spotify! I still have no idea why it was removed. All my support requests were just ignored.
A few weeks ago I got an email from TuneCore saying most of our streams come from the "TuneCore Accelerator" program. No idea what that is, but if most of the streams are from that program, it looks like TuneCore created the streams. That would explain why Spotify flagged them as dubious/fraudulent, which then led TuneCore to unlist our album and issue fines. Strange service provider, this TuneCore indeed...